Replication data for: Strike Three: Discrimination, Incentives, and Evaluation

Principal Investigator(s): View help for Principal Investigator(s) Christopher A. Parsons; Johan Sulaeman; Michael C. Yates; Daniel S. Hamermesh

Version: View help for Version V1

Name	File Type	Size	Last Modified
20081366_sascode.sas	text/plain	3.9 KB	10/11/2019 11:50:AM
20081366_statacode.do	text/plain	6.4 KB	10/11/2019 11:51:AM
LICENSE.txt	text/plain	14.6 KB	10/11/2019 11:51:AM
ReadMe.pdf	application/pdf	14.1 KB	10/11/2019 11:51:AM
allpitch.sas7bdat	application/octet-stream	243.7 MB	10/11/2019 11:50:AM
calledpitch.dta	application/octet-stream	162.3 MB	10/11/2019 11:50:AM
location_file.dta	application/octet-stream	93.7 MB	10/11/2019 11:51:AM
starter_outcomes.dta	application/octet-stream	214.8 KB	10/11/2019 11:51:AM

Project Citation:

Parsons, Christopher A., Sulaeman, Johan, Yates, Michael C., and Hamermesh, Daniel S. Replication data for: Strike Three: Discrimination, Incentives, and Evaluation. Nashville, TN: American Economic Association [publisher], 2011. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2019-10-11. https://doi.org/10.3886/E112434V1

Project Description

Summary: Major League Baseball umpires express their racial/ethnic preferences when they evaluate pitchers. Strikes are called less often if the umpire and pitcher do not match race/ethnicity, but mainly where there is little scrutiny of umpires. Pitchers understand the incentives and throw pitches that allow umpires less subjective judgment (e.g., fastballs over home plate) when they anticipate bias. These direct and indirect effects bias performance measures of minorities downward. The results suggest how discrimination alters discriminated groups' behavior generally. They imply that biases in measured productivity must be accounted for in generating measures of wage discrimination. (JEL J15, J31, J44, J71, L83)

Scope of Project

JEL Classification:
      J15 Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
      J31 Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
      J44 Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing
      J71 Labor Discrimination
      L83 Sports; Gambling; Restaurants; Recreation; Tourism

Related Publications

Download this project

Published Versions

V1 [2019-10-11]

Export Metadata

Dublin Core

DDI 2.5

Report a Problem

Found a serious problem with the data, such as disclosure risk or copyrighted content? Let us know.

This material is distributed exactly as received from the data depositor. As of April 2026, depositors are required to submit study materials in accessible formats. ICPSR has not reviewed, checked, or processed this material. For additional information about the study, please contact the investigator(s) directly. If you have questions about the accessibility of materials distributed by ICPSR or require further assistance, please visit ICPSR's Accessibility Center.