Belief in a Zero-Sum Game, military expenditure and civil liberties: Data from 30 countries
Principal Investigator(s): View help for Principal Investigator(s) Joanna Różycka-Tran, University of Gdansk
Version: View help for Version V2
Project Citation:
Rózycka-Tran, Joanna. Belief in a Zero-Sum Game, military expenditure and civil liberties: Data from 30 countries. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2018-10-21. https://doi.org/10.3886/E106922V2
Project Description
Summary:
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The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between a perceived antagonistic view of social relations (as a struggle for limited resources), measured by the Belief in a Zero-Sum Game (BZSG) Scale, national military expenditure and civil liberties
Methodology
Data Source:
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Belief in a Zero-Sum Game
The students filled out the BZSG scale as part of a broader research project “Entitlement, belief in life as zero-sum game and subjective well-being: 42-nation study”; https://www.researchgate.net/project/Entitlement-belief-in-life-as-zero-sum-game-and-subjective-well... (see: Żemojtel-Piotrowska et al., 2017, 2018). We used data for 30 countries collected in 2015. To ensure the comparability of the samples in terms of age and educational level all data from respondents under 18 years or over 30 years were removed from the collection.
We used 2015 data on military expenditure as a percentage of central government expenditure. This data was available for 26 of the 30 countries (World Bank, 2017). A more complex measure of a country’s militarization is the Global Militarization Index (GMI), which relates a state’s military facilities to various other indicators. It has three components: (a) expenditure – the comparison of a country’s military expenditure with its GDP and its health expenditure; (b) personnel – number of military personnel relative to number of physicians and to the overall population; (c) heavy weapons –the number of heavy weapons available per head of population (for details see Grebe and Mutschler, 2015). We used 2015 data for all 30 countries (Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2017).
Civil liberties
Civil liberties ‑ along with the electoral process and pluralism, the functioning of government, political participationand political culture‑ are the basic components of the Democracy Index, which is an index compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). We used 2015 data for all 30 countries (EIU, 2016), including all components of the Democracy Index, however paying special attention to the civil liberties. Available from: https://www.eiu.com/)
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
In our study we used GDP per capita and GNI per capita in 2015, converted at market exchange rates to current U.S. dollars from statistical databasecompiled by United Nations Statistics Division (United Nations Statistics Division. Statistical databases2015. Available from: http://unstats.un.org/)
Human Development Index
In our study we used data from 2015 available in a Human Development Reports compiled by United Nations Development Programme (Available from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI).
The students filled out the BZSG scale as part of a broader research project “Entitlement, belief in life as zero-sum game and subjective well-being: 42-nation study”; https://www.researchgate.net/project/Entitlement-belief-in-life-as-zero-sum-game-and-subjective-well... (see: Żemojtel-Piotrowska et al., 2017, 2018). We used data for 30 countries collected in 2015. To ensure the comparability of the samples in terms of age and educational level all data from respondents under 18 years or over 30 years were removed from the collection.
- Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J. P., Cieciuch, J., Adams, B. G., Osin, E. N., Ardi, R., et al. (2017). Measurement Invariance of Personal Well-Being Index (PWI-8) Across 26 Countries. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18: 1697. doi: 10.1007/s10902-016-9795-0
- Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J. P., Osin, E. N.,Cieciuch, J., Adams, B. G., Ardi, R., et al. (2018).The mental health continuum-short form: The structure and application for cross-cultural studies-A 38 nation study.Journal of Clinical Psychology,74(6):1034-1052. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22570
We used 2015 data on military expenditure as a percentage of central government expenditure. This data was available for 26 of the 30 countries (World Bank, 2017). A more complex measure of a country’s militarization is the Global Militarization Index (GMI), which relates a state’s military facilities to various other indicators. It has three components: (a) expenditure – the comparison of a country’s military expenditure with its GDP and its health expenditure; (b) personnel – number of military personnel relative to number of physicians and to the overall population; (c) heavy weapons –the number of heavy weapons available per head of population (for details see Grebe and Mutschler, 2015). We used 2015 data for all 30 countries (Bonn International Center for Conversion, 2017).
Civil liberties
Civil liberties ‑ along with the electoral process and pluralism, the functioning of government, political participationand political culture‑ are the basic components of the Democracy Index, which is an index compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). We used 2015 data for all 30 countries (EIU, 2016), including all components of the Democracy Index, however paying special attention to the civil liberties. Available from: https://www.eiu.com/)
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
In our study we used GDP per capita and GNI per capita in 2015, converted at market exchange rates to current U.S. dollars from statistical databasecompiled by United Nations Statistics Division (United Nations Statistics Division. Statistical databases2015. Available from: http://unstats.un.org/)
Human Development Index
In our study we used data from 2015 available in a Human Development Reports compiled by United Nations Development Programme (Available from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI).
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