Historic Redlining Scores for 2010 and 2020 US Census Tracts
Principal Investigator(s): View help for Principal Investigator(s) Helen C.S. Meier, University of Michigan. Institute for Social Research. Survey Research Center; Bruce C. Mitchell, National Community Reinvestment Coalition
Version: View help for Version V2
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| HRS2010-Shapefiles | 10/15/2021 12:55:PM | ||
| HRS2020-Shapefiles | 10/15/2021 12:59:PM | ||
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application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet | 479.6 KB | 10/15/2021 08:20:AM |
Project Citation:
Meier, Helen C.S., and Mitchell, Bruce C. . Historic Redlining Scores for 2010 and 2020 US Census Tracts. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2021-10-15. https://doi.org/10.3886/E141121V2
Project Description
Summary:
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The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) was a U.S. federal agency
that graded mortgage investment risk of neighborhoods across the U.S. between
1935 and 1940. HOLC residential security maps standardized neighborhood risk appraisal
methods that included race and ethnicity, pioneering the institutional logic of
residential “redlining.”
The Mapping Inequality Project digitized the HOLC mortgage
security risk maps from the 1930s. We overlaid the HOLC maps with 2010 and 2020 census tracts for 142
cities across the U.S. using ArcGIS and determined the proportion of HOLC
residential security grades contained within the boundaries. We assigned a numerical value to each HOLC risk category as
follows: 1 for “A” grade, 2 for “B” grade, 3 for “C” grade, and 4 for “D”
grade. We calculated a historic redlining score from the summed proportion of
HOLC residential security grades multiplied by a weighting factor based on area
within each census tract. A higher score means greater redlining of the census
tract. Continuous historic redlining score, assessing the degree of
“redlining,” as well as 4 equal interval divisions of redlining, can
be linked to existing data sources by census tract identifier allowing for one
form of structural racism in the housing market to be assessed with a variety
of outcomes. The 2010 files are set to census 2010 tract boundaries. The 2020 files use the new census 2020 tract boundaries, reflecting the increase in the number of tracts from 12,888 in 2010, to 13,488 in 2020. Use the 2010 HRS with decennial census 2010 or ACS 2010-2019 data. As of publication (10/15/2020) decennial census 2020 data for the P1 (population) and H1 (housing) files are available from census.
Funding Sources:
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Greater Milwaukee Foundation (Shaw Scientist Award)
Scope of Project
Subject Terms:
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Structural racism;
redlining
Geographic Coverage:
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United States Metro Areas
Methodology
Geographic Unit:
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census tract
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