The Belief in a Zero-Sum Game Scale across 43 countries
Principal Investigator(s): View help for Principal Investigator(s) Joanna Różycka-Tran, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Poland
Version: View help for Version V1
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Project Citation:
Rózycka-Tran, Joanna. The Belief in a Zero-Sum Game Scale across 43 countries. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2018-06-01. https://doi.org/10.3886/E103900V1
Project Description
Summary:
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We examine the multi-country equivalence of the Belief in a Zero-Sum Game (BZSG) scale, a tool designed to measure antagonistic belief about social relations (i.e. social antagonism) in the struggle for limited resources. Data were collected from 11,368 participants in 43 countries.
Methodology
Sampling:
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Data were collected from 11,368 participants in 43 countries at two time points. The first wave (N= 5,158, 37.1% men) (Różycka-Tran et al., 2015)consisted of student samples from 30 countries. The mean age of students was 21.25 years (SD = 4.71) and they were studying social sciences or business. At the second phase (N= 6,210, 39.5% men) (Różycka-Tran et al., 2017; five countries were added as a new data) consistedof student samples from 30 countries with a mean age of 21.54 years (SD = 4.80), and the distribution of academic affiliations was similar to that for the first wave. Seventeen countries contributed samples in both waves (Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom,Hungary, India, Japan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, and Vietnam), so that these two phases allowed us to put together 60 samples from 43 countries.
Data Source:
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Belief in a Zero-Sum Game.
Różycka-Tran J, Boski P, Wojciszke B. Zero-Sum Game Belief as a social axiom: A 37-nation study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2015; 46: 525–548. doi: 10.1177/0022022115572226Różycka-Tran J, Jurek P, Olech M, Piotrowski J, Żemojtel-Piotrowska M. Measurement Invariance ofBelief in a Zero-Sum Game scalein 36 countries. Journal of International Psychology. 2017.doi: 10.1002/ijop.12470
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.In our study we used GDP per capita and GNI per capita in 2015, converted at market exchange rates to current U.S. dollars from statistical databasecompiled by United Nations Statistics Division (United Nations Statistics Division. Statistical databases2015. Available from: http://unstats.un.org/)
Human Development Index.In our study we used data from 2015 available in a Human Development Reports compiled by United Nations Development Programme(Available from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI).
Democracy Index. In our study we used data from 2015 available in a report compiled by The Economist Intelligence Unit (Democracy Index. Democracy in an age of anxiety. Available from: https://www.eiu.com/)
Collectivism-Individualism.For current investigations, scores on the collectivism-individualism dimension based on Hofstede et al. (2010) studies were used. The data originates from different years, and was collected for 76 countries, partly based on replications and extensions of the IBM study on different international populations and by different scholars.
Hofstede G, Hofstede G.J, Minkov M. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Revised and Expanded. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2010.
Różycka-Tran J, Boski P, Wojciszke B. Zero-Sum Game Belief as a social axiom: A 37-nation study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2015; 46: 525–548. doi: 10.1177/0022022115572226Różycka-Tran J, Jurek P, Olech M, Piotrowski J, Żemojtel-Piotrowska M. Measurement Invariance ofBelief in a Zero-Sum Game scalein 36 countries. Journal of International Psychology. 2017.doi: 10.1002/ijop.12470
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.In our study we used GDP per capita and GNI per capita in 2015, converted at market exchange rates to current U.S. dollars from statistical databasecompiled by United Nations Statistics Division (United Nations Statistics Division. Statistical databases2015. Available from: http://unstats.un.org/)
Human Development Index.In our study we used data from 2015 available in a Human Development Reports compiled by United Nations Development Programme(Available from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI).
Democracy Index. In our study we used data from 2015 available in a report compiled by The Economist Intelligence Unit (Democracy Index. Democracy in an age of anxiety. Available from: https://www.eiu.com/)
Collectivism-Individualism.For current investigations, scores on the collectivism-individualism dimension based on Hofstede et al. (2010) studies were used. The data originates from different years, and was collected for 76 countries, partly based on replications and extensions of the IBM study on different international populations and by different scholars.
Hofstede G, Hofstede G.J, Minkov M. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Revised and Expanded. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2010.
Scales:
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Belief in a Zero-Sum Game.The BZSG scale consists of eight items (e.g. “Life is so devised that when somebody gains, others have to lose”, “The wealth of a few is acquired at the expense of many”). These items all reflect beliefs about antagonistic competition over scarce resources. In the first wave we used aseven-point scale (from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree), whereas in the second wave a six-point Likert scale (from 1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree). So linear equations were used to transform six-point scale scores into seven-point scale scores. Before transforming and combining the data, we tested scalar (strong) invariance of both measurements (see Różycka-Tran et al., 2017).
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